Final report
Journal paper
Airaksinen, S., Haapakangas, J., Shu, Q.,“Oxide scale formation and copper enrichment of low-carbon steels in thin lab casting process.” Manuscript.
Airaksinen, S., Haapakangas, J., Gyakwaa, F., Heikkinen, E. P., & Fabritius, T. (2024) “Utilization of hydrogen fuel in reheating furnace and its effect on oxide scale formation of low-carbon steels”. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 140, 1212-1220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.11.230
Azadi, S. K., Alatalo, M., Huttula, M., Fabritius, T., & Urpelainen, S. (2025) “The influence of alkali and alkaline earth substitution on the reduction of Fe₂O₃[001] by H₂ – a DFT study”, Surface Science, 761, 122816. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susc.2025.122816
D’Angelo, A., Salucci, E., Russo, V., Grénman H. & Saxén, H. (2025) “Hydrogen reduction of iron oxide powder in thin layers”, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 64, 158-170. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.4c03138
D’Angelo, A., Salucci, E., Russo, V., Grénman, H. & Saxén, H. (2025) ” Reduction kinetics of pure and industrial hematite samples with hydrogen in a small fixed bed system”, Chemical Engineering Journal, 519, 165117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2025.165117
Elkailech, M., Alzeer, M. I. M., Laitinen, T., Gigot, S., Ruotanen, K., Huuhtanen, M., & Ojala, S. (2025) “Development of industrial side-stream-based catalysts for CO₂ methanation”, Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 13(5), 118081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2025.118081
Goudaa, S., Nguyen, H., Ponomar, V., Adesanyaa, E., Yliniemi, J. & Kilpimaa, K., “Mineralogical transformations of H₂ -DRI-EAF slag by carbonation treatment improves the performance of the slag as supplementary cementitious material”, manuscript submitted in Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy.
Haapakangas, J., Airaksinen S., Heikkinen, E-P. & Fabritius, T. “Oxide scales formed during oxyfuel reheating”. Manuscript.
Haikarainen, C., Shao, L., Pettersson, F., & Saxén, H. (2024) “Mathematical optimization modeling for scenario analysis of integrated steelworks transitioning towards hydrogen-based reduction”, Energy, 364, 132366.
Haikarainen, C., Pettersson, F., & Saxén, H. (2025) “Optimizing the transition pathway of a steel plant towards hydrogen-based steelmaking”, Ironmaking & Steelmaking 52, 618–625. https://doi.org/10.1177/0301923324129349
Heidari, A., Ghosalya, MK., Alaoui Mansouri, M., Heikkilä, A., Iljana, M., Kokkonen, E., Huttula, M., Fabritius, T. & Urpelainen, S. (2024) “Hydrogen Reduction of Iron Ore Pellets: A Surface Study Using Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 83, 148-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.08.094
Heidari, A., Ilmakangas, T., Pöyhtäri, S., Heikkinen, E.-O., Sulasalmi, P., & Fabritius, T. (2025) “The influence of water vapour on hydrogen reduction of iron ore pellets,” Ironmaking & Steelmaking: Processes, Products and Applications, Jun. 2025, doi: 10.1177/03019233251352979.
Ilmola, J., Seppälä, O., Paananen, J., Pohjonen, A., Pyykkönen, J. & Larkiola, J. (2025) “Modeling of a thermo-mechanically controlled virtual finishing mill process with coupled interactive rolling automation and setup calculations”, Journal of Manufacturing Systems, 80 (2025) 436-456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmsy.2025.03.018
Jones, R, Garcia-Martinez, F., Wang, Y., Rämisch, L., Yaroslavtsev, A., Scardamaglia, M., Mehar, V., Ghosalya, M.K., Pfaff, S., Gericke, S., Ryder, C., Küst, U.K., Zareen, S., Urpelainen, S., O’Shea, J.N, Zetterberg, J., Knudsen, J., Temperton, R.H., & Shavorskiy, A. (2025) “Multimodal Ambient Pressure Sample Environment for the HIPPIE Solid-Gas Endstation at MAX IV Laboratory”, Photon Science. https://doi.org/10.1021/photonsci.5c00021
Kallio, R., Cantaluppi, M., Louhisalmi, J., (2025) ”Mineralogical characteristics of H2-DRI and scrap-based EAF slags”, Minerals Engineering.
Kallio, R., Cantaluppi, M., Louhisalmi, J. & Visuri, V.-V. (2025) “Mineralogical characteristics of fossil-free steel slags,” Minerals Engineering, 230 (2025), 109396, ISSN 0892-6875. https://doi\.org/10\.1016/j\.mineng\.2025\.109396 (https://www\.sciencedirect\.com/science/article/pii/S0892687525002249\)
Kokko, M., Hu, T., Lassi, U., & Pesonen, J. (2025) “A study of direct NH4VO3 crystallization from dilute V solution and the effect of impurities (Fe, Mn) on crystallization”. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 16, 4057−4070. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-025-02943-8.
Kokko, M., Manninen, M., Hu, T., Lassi, U., Vielma, T. & Pesonen, J. (2024) “Hydrometallurgical Recovery of Vanadium and Calcium from H2-DRI-based Electric Arc Furnace Slags”, Minerals engineering 217, 108966. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2024.108966
Kuutti, K., Ghosalya, M. K., Porri, P., De Bellis, J., Jokimies, P., Singh, H., Wang, S., King, G., Fernández Catalá, J., Schüth, F., Ainassaari, K., Huuhtanen, M., Huttula, M., Urpelainen, S., & Rautiainen, S. (2025). “Mechanochemical synthesis of Pt/TiO2 for enhanced stability in dehydrogenation of methylcyclohexane”, Catalysis Science and Technology, 15(14), 4143-4155. https://doi.org/10.1039/d5cy00173k
Lemougna, P., Cantaluppi, M., Isteri, V., Adesanya, E., Tanskanen, P., Yliniemi, J. & Kilpimaa, K., “Upcycling of calcite-rich side stream in Belite-rich SulfoAluminate Cement preparation: Effects of clinkering temperature on mineralogy and hydration performance”. Manuscript.
Lemougna, P.N, Gouda, S., Nguyen, H., Adesanya, E.D. & Yliniemi, J., “Effect of carbonation and blast furnace slag on the reactivity and mechanical properties of alkali-activated hydrogen-based direct reduced iron (H₂-DRI) electric arc furnace slag”, submitted to FFS2 steering group for validation before journal submission.
Manninen M., Vielma T. & Lassi U. (2025) “Freezing Point Depression in the Binary NaVO3-H2O and NH4VO3-H2O Systems at p = 0.1 Mpa”, Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, 207, 107491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jct.2025.107491.
Manninen M., Vielma T. & Lassi U. (2025) “A Thermodynamic Model for the NaVO3-H2O and NH4VO3-H2O Systems in the Temperature Range from 272 to 350 K at Atmospheric Pressure”, Journal of Molecular Liquids, 437, 128291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2025.128291.
Merenluoto, A., Kallio, R., Andersson, A., Jaskari, M., Cantaluppi, M., Louhisalmi, J., Heikkinen, E.-P. & Sulasalmi P., (2025) “Effects of modification and granulation on the microstructure of H2-DRI based electric arc furnace slag”. Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy (Submitted)
Norrena, J., Louhenkilpi, S., Visuri, V.-V., Alatarvas, T., Bogdanoff, A., & Fabritius, T. (2025). “Phenomenological Prediction of Defect Formation in Continuous Casting of Steel Utilizing Fundamental Modeling and Machine Learning”. Steel Research International, Article in Press.
Oey, T., et al. (2026) “Performance evaluation of slag-cement blends utilizing novel electric arc furnace slag” (in preparation for submission to Construction and Building Materials)
Pauna, H., Kokkonen, T., Cavaliere, P. et al. (2025) “Hydrogen Direct Reduced Iron Melting in an Electric Arc Furnace: Benefits of In Situ Monitoring”. Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy, 11, 4655–4667. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40831-025-01261-6.
Pauna, H., Kokkonen, T., Cavaliere, P., Huttula, M. & Fabritius, T., “Effect of H2DRI pellet metallization on melting in a lab-scale electric arc furnace”. Manuscript.
PaunaH., Kokkonen T., Cavaliere P., HuttulaM., Fabritius T. (2024) “Observations from 68 and 100 % reduced H2DRI melting in lab-scale electric arc furnace”, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, Submitted.
Rytky S., Hoikkaniemi E., Koskela A., Sulasalmi P., Fabritius T. & Visuri V.-V. (2025) “Biochar as a Slag Foaming Agent in Simulated EAF Conditions: Effect of Fixed-C content of Biochar and Basicity of Slag”, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, Submitted.
Salo, E., Ghoreishi, M., Raitila, J., Jalas, M., Markkula, A., & Näyhä, A. (2025). “Emerging business models of Nordic biochar producers: A sustainable business model typology”, [Manuscript in preparation].
Salucci, E., D’Angelo, A., Russo, V., Grénman, H. & Saxén, H.,(2025) “Review on the reduction kinetics of iron oxides with hydrogen – experimental investigation and modeling approaches”, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 64, 1-35. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.4c03136
Salucci, E., D’Angelo, A., Russo, V., Grénman, H. & Saxén, H, (2024) “Modelling of iron oxide reduction by hydrogen in a small fixed bed”, Chemical Engineering Science, 292, 119934.
Seppälä, O., Ilmola, J., Kaijalainen, A. & Larkiola, J., “Simulating thermo-mechanical and microstructural phenomena in a laboratory-scale hot rolling mill”, Submitted for publication
Shao, L., Saxén, H. & Zou, Z.-S. (2024) “Performance improvement of the H2 shaft furnace: A numerical study on hot-charge operation”, Fuel, 378,132878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2024.132878
Shao, L., Zhao, C. & Saxén, H. (2025) “A Comparative Study on Hydrogen Reduction of Iron Oxide Pellets in a Shaft Furnace with Selective Gas Recycling”, Steel research international, 2500405. https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202500405
Shao, L., Zhang, X., Zhao, C., Zhai, Y., Saxén, H & Zou, Z.-S. (2024) “A study of options to enhance the operation of a H2 direct reduction shaft furnace using a two-dimensional model”, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 86, 124-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.08.390
Shao, L., Zhao, C., Zhai, Y., Saxén, H., Zou, Z.-S. (2024) “Numerical investigation on hydrogen reduction of iron oxide pellets in a shaft furnace: unveiling the impact of particle size”, Renewable Energy, 237, 121743. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148124018111
Shao, L., Zhao, C., Zou, Z., Saxén, H. (2025) “A Numerical Study on Hydrogen Reduction of Iron Oxide Pellets in a Shaft Furnace with Internal Retrieval of Thermal Energy”, Steel research international, 96, 526-534. https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202401022
Wang Y, Heidari A, Singh H, King G, Wang S, Fillus Chuproski R, Huttula M, Fabritius T, Urpelainen S (2025) “In-situ SXRD Study of Phase Transformations and Reduction Kinetics in Iron Ore during Hydrogen-Based High-Temperature Reduction”, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, 56, 5759–5772. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-025-03725-2
Weiss, R. & Ikäheimo, J.(2024) “Flexible Industrial Power-to-X Production Enabling Large-Scale Wind Power Integration: A Case Study of Future Hydrogen Direct Reduction Iron Production in Finland”, Applied Energy, 365, 1 July 2024, 123230. Invited paper to Special Edition for SDEWES2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.123230
Weiss, R., Kanto, T., Kiviranta, K., Ikäheimo, J. Kärki, J. (2025) “Large scale Power-to-X Production enabling Hydrogen Valleys: A Case Study of future Industrial Hydrogen Valley Opportunity in Finland”, Applied Energy, 388, Invited paper to Special Edition for SDEWES2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125596
Zhai, Y., Shao, L. & Saxén, H. (2025) “A numerical study of the thermochemical and aerodynamic state of H2-intensive direct reduction shaft furnace”, Steel research international, 96, 2400567. https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202400567
Zhai, Y., Zhao, C., Shao, L. & Saxén, H. (2025) “A Numerical Study of Options for Improving Carburization in a Hydrogen-Intensive Direct Reduction Shaft Furnace”, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, 56, 6967-6982 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-025-03830-2
Zhai, Y., Zhao, C., Shao, L. & Saxén, H, (2026) ”Hydrogen Reduction of DRI Pellets in an Annular Shaft Furnace: A Numerical Study”, Ironmaking & Steelmaking
Research report
Mälkki, M., Stefanini, L., & Kivikytö-Reponen, P. (2024). “Environmental data collection of new slag materials”. VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland. VTT Research Report No. VTT-R-00205-24
Siipola, V., Salo, E., & Raitila, J. (2025) ”Biomass availability and quality requirements for biomass and biochar in steelmaking”, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland. VTT Research Report No. VTT-R-00621-25.
Piotrowska, P., Mälkki, M. & Marttila, V. (2025) “Sustainable utilization of side streams from steel production -pathways, criteria and assessment methods”. VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland. VTT Research Report No. VTT-R-00534-25
Conference presentation
Kuutti, K., Ghosalya,M., De Bellis, J., Scüth, F., Huuhtanen, M., Urpelainen, S. & Rautiainen, S., “Stable and active LOHC dehydrogenation catalyst synthesis by ball miling”, presented in the 18th ICC-International Congress on Catalysis, 2024.
https://backoffice.inviteo.com/upload/compte285/Base/inscriptions_projets/fichier/11777-fichier_231106_1441.pdf
Lemougna, P.N., Cantaluppi, M., Faleschini, F., Toska, K. & Yliniemi, J., “Valorization of calcite rich residue from basic oxygen furnace slag in sustainable clinkers and supplementary cementitious materials”, Presented at the 4th ICSBM International Conference on Sustainable Building Materials on 10-13 August 2025 in Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
Gouda, S, Lemougna P.N., Nguyen, H., & Yliniemi, J., “Effect of carbonated H₂-DRI-EAF slag as co-binder for AAM’s”, Presented at the Engineering Conferences International (ECI) on 19-23 May 2025 in Helsinki, Finland.
Saxén, H., Zhai, Y, Haikarainen, C., Mortadi, M. & Shao, L., ” Computational study of a direct reduction furnace with hydrogen-rich feed gas”, Keynote lecture, International Congress of the Science and Technology of Ironmaking (ICSTI 2025), Beijing, August 2025.
Saxén, H., Zhai, Y., Shao, L., “Modelling and simulation of hydrogen reduction of iron ore in a direct reduction furnace”, Keynote lecture, Presented at the International Symposium on Chemical Reaction Engineering 2024 (ISCRE 28), Turku, June 2024.
Saxén, H., Zhai, Y., Shao, L. Zo, Z.-S., “A computational study on energy efficiency of hydrogen reduction of iron ore in a direct reduction furnace”, Keynote lecture, Presented at the 14th European Conference on Industrial Furnaces and Burners (INFUB 14), April 2024, Algarve, Portugal.
Saxén, H., Zhai, Y., Shao, L. Zo, Z.-S., “Decarbonation of steel industry – challenges and opportunities”, Keynote lecture, Presented at the Conference on Carbon Neutral Technologies and Societies (CAETS2024), June 2024, Helsinki, Finland.
Saxén, H., Zhai, Y., Shao, L. & Zou, Z.-S., “Simulation of direct reduction ironmaking under increased levels of hydrogen”, Plenary Lecture, Fifth International Conference on the Science & Technology of Ironmaking and Steelmaking (STIS-V), December 2025, Bangalore, India.
Virkki, N. & Hahto, V., “Direct utilization of hydrogen carriers as a reducing agent in DRI production”, presented in the 34th International conference on metallurgy and materials – METAL 2025, Brno, Czech, May 2025.
Kuutti, K., Ghosalya, M. K., De Bellis, J., Schüth, F., Ainassaari, K., Huuhtanen, M., Urpelainen, S., & Rautiainen, S. (2025) “Stable & active LOHC dehydrogenation catalyst synthesis by ball milling”, presented in EuropaCat2025.
Hahto, V. & Virkki, N., “High quality syngas for steelmaking by Oxy-Gasification”, presented in the 34th International conference on metallurgy and materials – METAL 2025, Brno, Czech, May 2025.
Conference paper
Adesanya, E., Isteri, V., Yliniemi, J. (2024) “Ferrite-rich cement clinker produced from novel EAF slag from DRI process route: Enhancing hydration reactivity using organic ligands”, RILEM 2024
Alatarvas, T., Kallio, R., Heikkinen, E., Shu, Q., (2024) ”Phase Transformations in Steelmaking Slags: A Thermodynamic Approach”, SIMS EUROSIM 2024. https://doi.org/10.3384/ecp212.024
Boeru, E.B., Kiviahde, E. & Kaukonen, S. (2025) “Metallurgical Quality Assessment with AI Vision Technology “- 7th ESTAD (European Steel Technology and Application Days), 6-9 October 2025, Verona, Italy.
Cantaluppi, M., Kallio, R., Louhisalmi, J., Yliniemi, J. & Fabritius T. (2025) “Characterization of Hydrogen Reduced Iron-based Electric Arc Furnace Slags (H2-DRI-EAFS) and comparison with Scrap-based EAFS”, Proceedings of the 9thSlag Valorization Symposium.
Goudaa, S., Ponomarb, V., Adesanyaa, E., Nguyena, H., & Kilpimaa, K. (2024). “Carbonation of novel EAF slag from H2-based DRI process: Unlocking its potential as a supplementary cementitious material”. In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Sustainable Solid Waste Management (RHODES 2024), Rhodes, Greece, 19–22 June 2024.
Heikkinen E.-P., Sulasalmi P., Visuri V.-V., Ollila S. & Lilja J. (2025) “Mass and energy based modelling of EAF steelmaking scenarios using scrap and hydrogen reduced DRI as raw materials”, EASES 2025.
Kaukonen, S., Suopajärvi, H., Vesanen, R. & Louhenkilpi S. (2025) “Advancing Continuous Cast Semi-Product Quality Through a Digital Twin Framework” – 7th ESTAD (European Steel Technology and Application Days), 6-9 October 2025, Verona, Italy.
Kiviahde, E., Kaukonen, S., Suopajärvi, H. (2024) “Experiences in applying Deep Neural Network based surface defect analysis for carbon steel slabs in continuous casting”, 11th European Continuous Casting Conference 2024, 7-11 October 2024. https://www.eccc-2024.com/
Kokko, M., Hu, T., Lassi, U., Pesonen, J. (2024) ”Ultrasonic-assisted NH4VO3 precipitation from NH4+-based dilute vanadium solutions”, RHODES 2024. https://rhodes2024.uest.gr/files/proceedings/XIX/479.Rhodes24_14.45-15.00.pdf
Merenluoto, A., Kallio, R., Sulasalmi, P., Andersson, A., Jaskari, M., Louhisalmi, J., Heikkinen, E.-P., (2025) “Effects of modification and granulation on the structure of DRI-based EAF slag”, 9th international Slag Valorisation Symposium, Leuven, Belgium.
Norrena, J., Louhenkilpi, S., Visuri, V.-V., Alatarvas, T., Bogdanoff, A., & Fabritius, T. (2024) “Phenomenological Framework for Online Quality Prediction in Continuous Casting of Steel”, Proceedings of the 11th European Continuous Casting Conference (ECCC2024). Essen, Germany.
Pisilä, E., Vatanen, J., Hyttinen, S., Pärkkä, H., Piippo, A., Ruotanen, K., Buhr, A., Klaus, S. & Dutton, J., “New Aggregate Ladle Castable at SSAB Raahe”
Pauna, H., Rautioaho, A., Kokkonen, T., Cavaliere, P., Huttula, M. & Fabritius, T. (2024) ”H2-reduced DRI melting in a lab-scale EAF – preliminary assessment of melting behaviour with optical emission spectroscopy and video recording”, EEC 2024. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/381322057_H2-reduced_DRI_melting_in_a_lab-scale_EAF_-preliminary_assessment_of_melting_behaviour_with_optical_emission_spectroscopy_and_video_recording
E. Salucci, A. D’Angelo, V. Russo, H. Grenman, H. Saxèn (2025) “Kinetic Study of Pure Iron Oxide Reduction with Hydrogen Using a Dynamic Triple Reaction Front Shrinking Core Model” – Oral presentation – 11th International Conference on Modelling and Simulation of Metallurgical Processes in Steelmaking (SteelSIM 2025), September 2025, Trinec, Czech Republic.
Saxén, H., Zhai, Y., Shao, L. & Zou, Z.-S. (2025) “Simulation of direct reduction ironmaking under increased levels of hydrogen”, Fifth International Conference on the Science & Technology of Ironmaking and Steelmaking, 9-12 Dec 2025.
Shu, Q., Visuri, V., Alatarvas, T., Ruokamo, J., Sulasalmi, P., & Fabritius, T. (2024)”Calculation of Nonbridging oxygen per tetrahedron (NBO/T) of mould fluxes from 29Si Nuclear magnetic resonance and its application in property estimation”, ECCC 2024.
Weiss, R., Kanto, T., Kiviranta, K. & Ikäheimo, J. (2025) “Transition of a Conventional Fossil-based Steel Mill into a Hydrogen Direct Reduction Iron and Steel Mill in an Industrial Hydrogen Valley”, 20th SDEWES conference, October 5-10, 2025, Dubrovnik, Croatia.
Weiss, R., Kiviranta, K, Kanto, T., Ikäheimo, J. (2025) “P2X and Hydrogen Valleys enhancing Wind Power Profitability”, 21st International Conference on the European Energy, Lisbon, Portugal, 27-29 May 2025.
Weiss, R., Kanto, T., Kiviranta, K., Ikäheimo, J. & Kärki, J. (2024), “Large-scale Industrial Power-to-X Production Enabling Hydrogen Hubs and Valleys: A Case Study of a Future Hydrogen Hub Opportunity in Finland.” SDEWES2024 conference, Rome 8-12.09.2024
Zhai, Y., Saxén, H., Shao, L. (2025) ”Numerical Analysis of Hydrogen-Based Direct Reduction in a Shaft Furnace”, International Conference on Sustainable Coke and Ironmaking (ICSCI2025), Newcastle, Australia, March 2025.
Theses
Doctoral theses
Heidari, A. (2025) Hydrogen reduction of industrial iron ore pellets: a multi-scale study from surface to core, Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu.
Kokko, M. (2025) Recovery of vanadium from metallurgical industry side streams : leaching and crystallization studies, Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu.
Norrena, J., Phenomenological quality prediction in continuos casting, Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, due 2026
Manninen, M., Thermodynamics of Aqueous Solutions of Vanadate Salts and Applications in Modelling Hydrometallurgical Processes, Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, (To be published in January 2026)
Salucci, E., Kinetic Modelling of Pure Iron Oxide Powder Reduction with Hydrogen, doctoral thesis, Åbo Akademi (submitted, Nov. 2025)
The project has contributed to the funding of the first 2 years of the PhD theses of Srujana Gouda and Ramin Khademi.
Master‘s theses
Hagström, A., Biochar alloying in EAF, on-going, due 12/2025, University of Oulu.
Hauru, M., (2025) Melting of hydrogen direct reduced iron pellets in a laboratory-scale electric arc furnace, Master’s thesis, University of Oulu.
Boeru EB. (2025) Development and Analysis of a Temporal Machine Learning Model for Metallurgical Quality Assurance. Master’s thesis, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu.
Ilmakangas, T., (2025) Effect of water vapor on the hydrogen reduction of iron oxide pellets, Master’s thesis, University of Oulu
Koskela, F., (2025) DRI-pohjaisen valokaariuunikuonan geotekniset ominaisuudet, Master’s Thesis, 15.04.2025. https://urn\.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu\-202504152684
Lilja, C. (2025) Zonal Model of Heat Transfer in a Steel Reheating Furnace, M. Sc. thesis, Åbo Akademi.
Merenluoto, A. (2024) Effects of modification and granulation on properties of DRI-based EAF slag, Master’s thesis, University of Oulu
Raitanen, M. (2025) Control of Non-Metallic Impurities during Mini-Mill Production of Steel, Master’s thesis, University of Oulu.
Ruokamo, J. (2024) Melting and solidification of mould powders for high-speed thin slab casting, Master’s thesis, University of Oulu.
Sirkka, J., Recycling briquetted EAF side stream, on-going, due 3/2026, University of Oulu.
Bachelor’s theses
Keskitalo, E. (2024) Silikaattisten kuonien sähkön- ja lämmönjohtavuuden riippuvuus kuonien rakenteesta, Bachelor´s thesis, University of Oulu.
Kultima, V. (2024) Kuilu-uunitekniikan hyödyntäminen suorapelkistetyn raudan valmistuksessa, Bachelor´s thesis, University of Oulu.
Lakkapää, P. (2024) Rautarikasteen ominaisuuksien vaikutus vetypelkistysprosesseihin, Bachelor´s thesis, University of Oulu.
Lauri, J. (2024) Välisenkkapeitoste terästen jatkuvavalussa, Bachelor´s thesis, University of Oulu.
Mikkonen, J., Raaka-aineen ja sen ominaisuuksien vaikutus valokaariuuniprosessiin teräksen valmistuksessa, Bachelor´s thesis, on-going, University of Oulu.
Peltokorpi, L. (2024) Vandiinin talteenotto teräskuonasta, Bachelor´s thesis, University of Oulu.
Sirkka, J. (2024) Kuonat ja muut sivuvirrat Mini Mill –tyyppisessä teräksenvalmistuksessa, Bachelor´s thesis, University of Oulu.
Sivula, J. (2024) Rikastushiekan käyttö valokaariuunikuonan jähmettymisrakenteen ohjauksessa, Bachelor´s thesis, University of Oulu.
Suni, A. (2024) Kuparin poisto teräsromuista, Bachelor´s thesis, University of Oulu.
Involvement in international project applications during FFS2
Intelligent tools to accelerate Digitalization in Continuous Casting of Steel by coupling Machine Learning to Advanced Sensors and Digital Twins (i-CAST) (RFCS project proposal), 2025.
Next-Generation quality prediction and defect detection systems for continuous CASTing driven by fundamental and data-driven modeling (NextGenCAST) (RFCS project proposal), 2025.
Other relevant publications
Finland has been put on the hydrogen map by contributing Finnish data for the “Nordic Hydrogen Map”, developed jointly with Luleå Tekniska Universität. This map was published during UniOulu Hydrogen Research Day / Nordic Hydrogen Week Oulu on 11th Feb 2025