Scientific publications

L. Shao, H. Saxén and Z.-S. Zou. 2024
Performance improvement of the H2 shaft furnace: A numerical study on hot-charge operation
Fuel, 378: 132878
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016236124020271
L. Shao, X. Zhang, C. Zhao, Y. Zai, H. Saxén and Z.-S. Zou. 2024
A study of options to enhance the operation of a H2 direct reduction shaft furnace using a two-dimensional mode
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 86: 124-131
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360319924035663
E. Salucci, A. D’Angelo, V. Russo, H. Grénman and H. Saxén. 2024
Modelling of iron oxide reduction by hydrogen in a small fixed bed
Chemical Engineering Science, 292: 119934
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0009250924002343?dgcid=rss_sd_all
C. Haikarainen, L. Shao, F. Pettersson and H. Saxén. 2024
Mathematical optimization modeling for scenario analysis of integrated steelworks transitioning towards hydrogen-based reduction
Energy, 364: 132366
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544224021406
H. Saxén, Y. Zhai, L. Shao and Z.-S. Zou. 2024
A computational study on energy efficiency of hydrogen reduction of iron ore in a direct reduction furnace
14th European Conference on Industrial Furnaces and Burners (INFUB 14), April 2024, Algarve, Portugal
https://infub.pt/Ficheiros/infub14/INFUB14-final_programme.pdf
H. Saxén ,Y. Zhai and L. Shao. 2024
Modelling and simulation of hydrogen reduction of iron ore in a direct reduction furnace
International Symposium on Chemical Reaction Engineering 2024 (ISCRE 28), Turku, June 2024
https://www.iscre28.org/
H. Saxén, Y. Zhai, L. Shao and Z.-S. Zou. 2024
Decarbonation of steel industry – challenges and opportunities
Conference on Carbon Neutral Technologies and Societies (CAETS2024), June 2024, Helsinki, Finland
https://www.caets2024.org/
L. Shao, C. Zhao, Y. Zhai, H. Saxén and Z.-S. Zou. 2024
Numerical investigation on hydrogen reduction of iron oxide pellets in a shaft furnace: unveiling the impact of particle size
Renewable Energy, 237: 121743
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148124018111
Y. Zhai, L. Shao, C. Zhao, X. Zhang and H. Saxén. 2025
A Numerical Study of the Thermochemical and Aerodynamic States of H2-intensive Direct Reduction Shaft Furnace
Steel research international, 96: 2400567
https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202400567
C. Haikarainen, F. Pettersson and H. Saxén. 2024
Optimizing the transition pathway of a steel plant towards hydrogen-based steelmaking
Ironmaking & Steelmaking
https://doi.org/10.1177/0301923324129349
A. D’Angelo, E. Salucci, V. Russo, H. Grénman and H. Saxén. 2025
Hydrogen reduction of iron oxide powder in thin layers
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 64: 158-170
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.4c03138
E. Salucci, A. D’Angelo, V. Russo, H. Grénman and H. Saxén. 2025
Review on the reduction kinetics of iron oxides with hydrogen – experimental investigation and modeling approaches
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 64: 12785
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.4c03136
L. Shao, C. Zhao, Z. Zou and H. Saxén. 2025
A Numerical Study on Hydrogen Reduction of Iron Oxide Pellets in a Shaft Furnace with Internal Retrieval of Thermal Energy
Steel research international
https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202401022
Qifeng Shu, Ville-Valtteri Visuri, Tuomas Alatarvas, Jari Ruokamo, Petri Sulasalmi, Timo Fabritius. 2024
Calculation of Nonbridging oxygen per tetrahedron (NBO/T) of mould fluxes from 29Si Nuclear magnetic resonance and its application in property estimation
ECCC 2024
Susanna Airaksinen, Juho Haapakangas, Francis Gyakwaa, Eetu-Pekka Heikkinen, Timo Fabritius. 2024
Utilization of hydrogen fuel in reheating furnace and its effect on oxide scale formation of low-carbon steels
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.11.230
Tuomas Alatarvas, Rita Kallio, Eetu-Pekka Heikkinen, Qifeng Shu. 2024
Phase Transformations in Steelmaking Slags: A Thermodynamic Approach
SIMS EUROSIM 2024
https://oulurepo.oulu.fi/handle/10024/53747
Maria Kokko, Tao Hu, Ulla Lassi, Janne Pesonen. 2024
Ultrasonic-assisted NH4VO3 precipitation from NH4+-based dilute vanadium solutions
RHODES 2024
https://rhodes2024.uest.gr/files/proceedings/XIX/479.Rhodes24_14.45-15.00.pdf
Srujana Goudaa, Vitalii Ponomarb, Elijah Adesanyaa, Hoang Nguyena, Katja Kilpimaa. 2024
Carbonation of novel EAF slag from H2-based DRI process: Unlocking its potential as a supplementary cementitious material
Henri Pauna, Arto Rautioaho, Tommi Kokkonen, Pasquale Cavaliere, Marko Huttula, and Timo Fabritius. 2024
H2-reduced DRI melting in a lab-scale EAF – preliminary assessment of melting behaviour with optical emission spectroscopy and video recording
EEC 2024
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/381322057_H2-reduced_DRI_melting_in_a_lab-scale_EAF_-preliminary_assessment_of_melting_behaviour_with_optical_emission_spectroscopy_and_video_recording
H. Pauna, T. Kokkonen, P. Cavaliere, [more from Salento?], M. Huttula, and T. Fabritius. 2024
Effect of H2DRI pellet metallization on melting in a lab-scale electric arc furnace
Maria Kokko, Mikael Manninen, Tao Hu, Ulla Lassi, Tuomas Vielma, Janne Pesonen. 2024
Hydrometallurgical Recovery of Vanadium and Calcium from H2-DRI-based Electric Arc Furnace Slags
Minerals engineering, 217: 108966
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2024.108966
Aidin Heidari, Manoj Ghosalya, Mohammed Alaoui Mansouri, Anne Heikkilä, Mikko Iljana, Esko Kokkonen, Marko Huttula, Timo Fabritius, Samuli Urpelainen. 2024
Hydrogen Reduction of Iron Ore Pellets: A Surface Study Using Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 83: 148-161
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.08.094
Yandong Zhai, Henrik Saxén, Lei Shao. 2024
Numerical Analysis of Hydrogen-Based Direct Reduction in a Shaft Furnace
International Conference on Sustainable Coke and Ironmaking (ICSCI2025), Newcastle, Australia, March 2025
R. Kallio, M. Cantaluppi, J. Louhisalmi. 2024
Mineralogical characteristics of H2-DRI and scrap-based EAF slags
Saeid Khesali Azadi, Matti Alatalo, Marko Huttula, Timo Fabritius, Samuli Urpelainen. 2024
The influence of alkali and alkaline earth dopants on the reduction of Fe2O3(001) by H2 – a DFT study
Eemil Kiviahde, Saku Kaukonen, Hannu Suopajärvi. 2024
Experiences in applying Deep Neural Network based surface defect analysis for carbon steel slabs in continuous casting
Mikael A. E. Manninen, Tuomas J. Vielma, Ulla M. Lassi. 2024
Freezing Point Depression in the Binary NaVO3 – H2O and NH4VO3 – H2O Systems at p = 0.1 MPa
The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics, 207: 107491
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jct.2025.107491
Anniina Merenluoto, Rita Kallio, Petri Sulasalmi, Anton Andersson, Matias Jaskari, Jaakko Louhisalmi, Eetu-Pekka Heikkinen. 2025
EFFECTS OF MODIFICATION AND GRANULATION ON THE STRUCTURE OF DRI-BASED EAF SLAG
9th International Slag Valorisation Symposium
Julius Norrena, Ville-Valtteri Visuri, Tuomas Alatarvas, Timo Fabritius. 2024
PHENOMENOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK FOR ONLINE QUALITY PREDICTION IN CONTINUOUS CASTING OF STEEL
11th ECCC
Elijah Adesanya, Visa Isteri, and Juho Yliniemi. 2024
FERRITE-RICH CEMENT CLINKER PRODUCED FROM NOVEL EAF SLAG FROM DRI PROCESS ROUTE: ENHANCING HYDRATION REACTIVITY USING ORGANIC LIGANDS
RILEM 2024
Robert Weiss, Jussi Ikäheimo. 2024
Flexible industrial power-to-X production enabling large-scale wind power integration: A case study of future hydrogen direct reduction iron production in Finland
Applied Energy, 365: 123320
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.123230
Robert Weiss, Tiia Kanto, Kirsikka Kiviranta, Jussi Ikäheimo, Janne Kärki. 2025
Large scale power-to-X production enabling hydrogen valleys: A case study of future industrial hydrogen valley opportunity in Finland
Applied Energy, 388: 125596
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125596
Robert Weiss, Kirsikka Kiviranta, Tiia Kanto, Jussi Ikäheimo. 2025
P2X and Hydrogen Valleys enhancing Wind Power Profitability
21st International conference on the European Energy, Lisbon Portugal, 27-29 May 2025
Krista Kuutti, Manoj Ghosalya, Jacopo De Bellis, Ferdi Scüth, Mika Huuhtanen, Samuli Urpelainen, Sari Rautiainen. 2024
Stable and active LOHC dehydrogenation catalyst synthesis by ball miling
18th ICC – International Congress on Catalysis
https://backoffice.inviteo.com/upload/compte285/Base/inscriptions_projets/fichier/11777-fichier_231106_1441.pdf
Vesa Hahto, Niko Virkki. 2025
High quality syngas for steelmaking by Oxy-Gasification
34th International conference on metallurgy and materials – METAL 2025, Brno, Czech, May 2025
Niko Virkki, Vesa Hahto. 2025
Direct utilization of hydrogen carriers as a reducing agent in DRI production
34th International conference on metallurgy and materials – METAL 2025, Brno, Czech, May 2025
L. Shao, Z. Zhao and H.Saxén. 2025
A Comparative Study on Hydrogen Reduction of Iron Oxide Pellets in a Shaft Furnace with Selective Gas Recycling
Steel research international: 2500405
https://doi.org/10.1002/srin.202500405
A. D’Angelo, E. Salucci, V. Russo, H. Grénman and H. Saxén. 2025
Reduction kinetics of pure and industrial hematite samples with hydrogen in a small fixed bed system
Chemical Engineering Journal, 519: 165117
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2025.165117
Yuzhao Wang, Aidin Heidari, Harishchandra Singh, Graham King, Shubo Wang, Rafael Fillus Chuproski, Marko Huttula, Timo Fabritius, Samuli Urpelainen. 2025
In-situ SXRD Study of Phase Transformations and Reduction Kinetics in Iron Ore during Hydrogen-Based High-Temperature Reduction
Quote from Luxmet’s Pekka Huhtala 28.5.2025:. 2025
Diplomityö kuona-analyysin tiimoilta alkaa olla valmis. Mittausjaksoja on suunniteltu ja valmisteltu SSAB:lle ja Ovakolle. Odotellaan aikataulun varmistumista Ovakolta. Olemme suunnitelleet ja valmistaneet mittauslaitteet mittausjaksoja varten. Muutamia komponentteja puuttuu vielä.
Quote from Luxmet’s Pekka Huhtala 28.5.2025:. 2025
Toinen diplomityö senkkauunin ohjaukseen reaaliaikaisen kuonamittauksen avulla on hyvässä vauhdissa.
Saxén Henrik, Zhai Yandong, Shao Lei.
Simulation of direct reduction ironmaking under increased levels of hydrogen
Fifth International Conference on the Science & Technology of Ironmaking and Steelmaking
Yandong Zhai, Chenxi Zhao, Lei Shao, Henrik Saxén2. 2025
Hydrogen Reduction of DRI Pellets in an Annular Shaft Furnace: A Numerical Study
Eeva Liisa Pisilä, Jukka Vatanen, Suvi Hyttinen, Heikki Pärkkä, Antti Piippo, Kyösti Ruotanen, Andreas Buhr, Sebastian Klaus, Jerry Dutton. 2025
New Aggregate Ladle Castable at SSAB Raahe
Weiss Robert, Kanto T, Kiviranta K, Ikäheimo J. 2025
Transition of a Conventional Fossil-based Steel Mill into a Hydrogen Direct Reduction Iron and Steel Mill in an Industrial Hydrogen Valley
SDEWES2025, Dubrovnik
Saku Rytky, Eetu Hoikkaniemi, Aki Koskela, Petri Sulasalmi, Timo Fabritius , Ville Valtteri-Visuri. 2025
Biochar as a Slag Foaming Agent in Simulated EAF Conditions: Effect of Fixed-C content of Biochar and Basicity of Slag
Yandong Zhai, Chenxi Zhao, Lei Shao, Henrik Saxén. 2025
A Numerical Study of Options for Improving Carburization in a Hydrogen-Intensive Direct Reduction Shaft Furnace
Mourad Elkailech, Mohammad I.M. Alzeer, Tiina Laitinen, Sylvain Gigot, Kyösti Ruotanen, Mika Huuhtanen, Satu Ojala. 2025
Development of industrial side-stream-based catalysts for CO2 methanation
Patrick N. Lemougna, Marco Cantaluppi, Visa Isteri, Elijah D. Adesanya, Pekka Tanskanen, Juho Yliniemi, Katja Kilpimaa. 2025
Upcycling of calcite-rich side stream in Belite-rich SulfoAluminate Cement preparation: Effects of clinkering temperature on mineralogy and hydration performance
Kaukonen Saku, Suopajärvi Hannu, Vesanen Risto, Louhenkilpi Seppo. 2025
Advancing Continuous Cast Semi-Product Quality Through a Digital Twin Framework
The European Steel Technology and Application Days – ESTAD
Briana-Boeru Elena, Kiviahde Eemil, Kaukonen Saku. 2025
Metallurgical Quality Assessment With AI Vision Technology
The European Steel Technology and Application Days – ESTAD
Krista Kuutti, Manoj Kumar Ghosalya, Paavo Porri, Jacopo De Bellis, Päivi Jokimies, Harishchandra Singh, Shubo Wang, Graham King, Javier Fernández-Catalá, Ferdi Schüth, Kaisu Ainassaari, Mika Huuhtanen, Marko Huttula, Samuli Urpelainen, Sari Rautiainen. 2025
Mechanochemical synthesis of Pt/TiO2 for enhanced stability in dehydrogenation of methylcyclohexane
Catalysis Science & Technology, 14
Krista Kuutti, Manoj Kumar Ghosalya, Jacopo De Bellis, Ferdi Schüth, Kaisu Ainassaari, Mika Huuhtanen, Samuli Urpelainen, Sari Rautiainen. 2025
Stable & active LOHC dehydrogenation catalyst synthesis by ball milling
EuropaCat2025